What is DNS? A Complete Guide to the Internet’s Phonebook
The Domain Name System (DNS) is one of those invisible pieces of internet plumbing everyone relies on but few fully […]
IPv4 Fragmentation and Reassembly Explained (With Real-World Examples)
Introduction When data is transported across a network, it doesn’t always travel as one big block. Instead, it is broken
IPv4 Packet Structure Explained: Understanding Header Fields with Examples
Understanding the IPv4 Packet Structure is essential for anyone learning networking or cybersecurity. In this article, we break down each
Types of IPv4 Addressing: Unicast, Broadcast, Multicast, and Anycast Explained
Introduction IP addressing is the foundation of how devices communicate over the internet and private networks. Without a proper system
Understanding Private and Public IP Addresses and NAT
Understanding the difference between private and public IP addresses is one of the most important steps in learning how networks
IPv4 Addressing Explained: Classes, Ranges, Private & Public IPs
Introduction: Why IPv4 Still Matters Every device on a network needs a way to be identified, just like houses need
Understanding Subnetting, CIDR, and VLSM in IPv4 (With Real-World Examples)
Introduction If you’ve already learned about IPv4 addresses and their classes, the next big step is to understand subnetting, CIDR,
IPv4 Address Classes Explained: A, B, C, D, E with Examples
Introduction When the internet was first growing, engineers needed a way to organize IP addresses so networks could communicate smoothly.
Complete Guide to Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRP)
In today’s networks, maintaining uptime and ensuring continuous access to network resources is critical. One point of failure often overlooked